Aristotle, a philosopher and student of Plato who lived in the 4th century BC, had much to say about friendship. In his Nicomachean Ethics, he wrote extensively on this subject, highlighting its importance for human flourishing. According to Aristotle, friendships are essential for our emotional well-being and happiness.
In Book VIII of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses three types of friendships: utility-based, pleasure-based, and virtue-based. Utility-based friendships are formed when two people come together because it is in their best interest to do so; they may not necessarily like each other but see value in maintaining a relationship for mutual benefit.
Pleasure-based friendships arise from shared experiences or enjoyment of certain activities that bring pleasure, such as socializing over wine and good food. While these types of relationships can be enjoyable, Aristotle viewed them with some skepticism due to their superficial nature.
Virtue-based friendships are the highest form in Aristotle's view; they involve people who genuinely care for one another's character development and well-being. These bonds last long after initial reasons for friendship have faded away because individuals invest time and genuine effort into nurturing each other through shared experiences, mutual support, and respect.
One of the key characteristics that distinguish virtue-based friendships is their ability to endure even when circumstances change or difficulties arise. This type of relationship demonstrates true solidarity among friends who prioritize one another's values over momentary pleasures.
Aristotle saw friendship as an integral part of a virtuous life, enabling individuals to improve themselves morally and spiritually by associating with others who embody the highest human virtues like wisdom, justice, temperance, and courage. Through shared experiences and mutual respect, friends inspire personal growth, leading their lives toward a more excellent version.
However, Aristotle also recognized that friendships can sometimes be challenging to maintain due to misunderstandings or differing opinions. He emphasized the importance of understanding each other's perspectives when disagreements occur so as not to let these difficulties destroy what could otherwise remain strong and meaningful relationships.
